/*
 * This version of DummiesIO runs under older versions of
 * Java, such as Java 1.1.8 and the Macintosh MRJ.
 */

import java.io.*;

public class DummiesIO
{

   static BufferedReader keyboard =
      new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));


   //Open a BufferedReader:
   static public BufferedReader open(String string)
   {
      FileInputStream f;
      try
      {
         f = new FileInputStream (string);
      }
      catch (FileNotFoundException e)
      {
         e.printStackTrace();
         System.exit(1);
         return null;
      }
      InputStreamReader inp = new InputStreamReader(f);
      BufferedReader b = new BufferedReader(inp);

      return b;
   }


   //Create a new PrintStream for output:
   static public PrintStream create(String string)
   {
      FileOutputStream f;
      try
      {
         f = new FileOutputStream(string);
      }
      catch (IOException e)
      {
         e.printStackTrace();
         System.exit(1);
         return null;
      }
      PrintStream p = new PrintStream(f);
      return p;
   }


   static public int getInt()
   {
      return getInt(keyboard);
   }


   static public int getInt(BufferedReader reader)
   {
      try
      {
         return Integer.parseInt(reader.readLine());
      }
      catch (Exception e)
      {
         System.out.println("Cannot read an int value.");
         e.printStackTrace();
         return 0;
      }
   }


   static public double getDouble()
   {
      return getDouble(keyboard);
   }


   static public double getDouble(BufferedReader reader)
   {
      try
      {
         return (Double.valueOf(reader.readLine())).doubleValue();
      }
      catch (Exception e)
      {
         System.out.println("Cannot read a double value.");
         e.printStackTrace();
         return 0.0;
      }
   }


   static public char getChar()
   {
      return getChar(keyboard);
   }


   static public char getChar(BufferedReader reader)
   {
      try
      {
         return reader.readLine().charAt(0);
      }
      catch (Exception e)
      {
         System.out.println("Cannot read a char value.");
         e.printStackTrace();
         return 0;
      }
   }


   static public boolean getBoolean()
   {
      return getBoolean(keyboard);
   }


   static public boolean getBoolean(BufferedReader reader)
   {
      try
      {
         return (Boolean.valueOf(reader.readLine())).booleanValue();
      }
      catch (Exception e)
      {
         System.out.println("Cannot read a boolean value.");
         e.printStackTrace();
         return false;
      }
   }


   static public String getString()
   {
      return getString(keyboard);
   }


   static public String getString(BufferedReader reader)
   {
      try
      {
         return reader.readLine();
      }
      catch (Exception e)
      {
         System.out.println("Cannot read a String value.");
         e.printStackTrace();
         return "";
      }
   }


   static public byte getByte()
   {
      return getByte(keyboard);
   }


   static public byte getByte(BufferedReader reader)
   {
      try
      {
         return Byte.parseByte(reader.readLine());
      }
      catch (Exception e)
      {
         System.out.println("Cannot read a byte value.");
         e.printStackTrace();
         return (byte)0;
      }
   }


   static public short getShort()
   {
      return getShort(keyboard);
   }


   static public short getShort(BufferedReader reader)
   {
      try
      {
         return Short.parseShort(reader.readLine());
      }
      catch (Exception e)
      {
         System.out.println("Cannot read a short value.");
         e.printStackTrace();
         return (short)0;
      }
   }


   static public long getLong()
   {
      return getLong(keyboard);
   }


   static public long getLong(BufferedReader reader)
   {
      try
      {
         return Long.parseLong(reader.readLine());
      }
      catch (Exception e)
      {
         System.out.println("Cannot read a long value.");
         e.printStackTrace();
         return 0L;
      }
   }


   static public float getFloat()
   {
      return getFloat(keyboard);
   }


   static public float getFloat(BufferedReader reader)
   {
      try
      {
         return (Float.valueOf(reader.readLine())).floatValue();
      }
      catch (Exception e)
      {
         System.out.println("Cannot read a float value.");
         e.printStackTrace();
         return 0.0F;
      }
   }

}