-- an attempt to determine the behavioral changes that follow brain damage

-- a toxic metabolite of ethyl alcohol

-- an enzyme that rapidly converts acetaldehyde into harmless acetic acid

-- a neurotransmitter of the autonomic, somatic, and central nervous systems

-- an enzyme that rapidly inactivates acetylcholine that has been released at the synapse

-- a drug that blocks acetylcholinesterase, thereby increasing levels of acetylcholine in the synapse

-- in this context

-- a pituitary hormone (adrenocorticotropic hormone) that stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex during stress

-- the electrical activity that carries information down the neuron

-- a metabolic process that can transfer relatively large molecules across a cell membrane

-- a procedure to produce pain reduction by the mechanical stimulation of nerves

-- a compound that serves as a second messenger to initiate neuromodulatory changes

-- an opponent emotion produced by the removal of a relatively novel emotion-inducing stimulus

-- a reduced emotional response to a familiar emotion-inducing stimulus

-- a strong opponent emotion produced by the removal of a familiar emotion-inducing stimulus

-- a drug that mimics the effect of a neurotransmitter

-- a central nervous system depressant that is produced by fermentation

-- an abnormally strong response of the immune system to a harmless foreign substance

-- an inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase

-- a specific receptor type for norepinephrine and related compounds

-- a regular EEG pattern that accompanies quiet resting in the absence of visual stimulation

-- a degenerative disorder of brain acetylcholine systems that can accompany senescence

-- a central nervous system stimulant that acts on neurons that release dopamine or norepinephrine

-- the symptoms of psychotic behavior that can accompany an overdose of amphetamine

-- a drug that reduces pain

-- a severe allergic response that can result in respiratory collapse and death

-- a drug that causes the loss of sensation

-- a negatively charged ion (e.g., Cl^-)

-- a drug that blocks the action of a neurotransmitter

-- a portion of the cerebral cortex that is a target area for the fibers of the MFB reward system

-- chemically specific molecules that are produced by B cells during the humoral immune response

-- drugs that specifically interfere with the activity of neurons that release acetylcholine

-- a foreign body that induces the formation of antibodies

-- a drug that interferes with the effects of histamine on cells

-- the ascending reticular activating system; a brain system that mediates arousal

-- a hypothalamic nucleus that releases opiate transmitters in the limbic system

-- a specialized brain structure that lies outside the blood-brain barrier and controls the vomiting reflex

-- specialized glial cells that comprise a part of the blood-brain barrier

-- an extract from the nightshade plant (Atropos belladonna) which blocks muscarinic receptors for acetylcholine

-- a disorder that is characterized by excessive activity

-- a severe disorder that is characterized by language deficits, learning disabilities, and abnormal responses to external stimuli

-- disorders that are caused by an inappropriate attack by the immune system on the body's own proteins

-- the portion of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the visceral organs, glands, and circulatory system

-- receptors on the presynaptic neuron that modulate activity by responding its to own neurotransmitter

-- a learned response to a signal that predicts the occurrence of an aversive stimulus

-- a specialized white blood cell that is formed in the bone marrow and participates in the humoral immune response

-- a drug that depresses central nervous system activity

-- the withholding of previously rewarded responses that would now lead to nonreward or punishment

-- the analysis of the effects of drugs on behavior

-- the reduced behavioral response to a drug that occurs as a result practice

-- a chemical class of drugs (e.g., Librium and Valium) that typically have antianxiety effects

-- a pituitary hormone incorporating several of the same sequences of amino acids that comprise peptides that are known to be important in the stress response

-- a specific receptor for epinephrine, norepinephrine, and related compounds

-- a specific metabolite of a neurotransmitter system that can be correlated with a specific disorder

-- the production of neurotransmitters by the neuron

-- a disorder that is characterized by episodes of manic behavior that are followed by severe depression

-- a mechanical and lipid barrier that limits the ability of many types of molecules from reaching the neurons of the brain

-- includes the skin, mucous membranes, and lungs as surfaces through which drugs may enter or exit the body

-- acute, sharp pain that occurs in response to an aversive stimulus such as a pin prick

-- a naturally occurring xanthine derivative that acts as a central nervous system stimulant

-- membrane pores that determine Ca⁺⁺ permeability, thereby regulating membrane excitability

-- an acetylcholine mimicker that is not inactivated by acetylcholinesterase

-- a chemical class of compounds that includes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

-- a positively charged ion (e.g., Na⁺ or Ca⁺⁺)

-- an immune response that is characterized by the proliferation of T cells

-- a conditioned emotional response, to a signal that predicts aversive consequences, which suppresses ongoing behavior

-- the clear filtrate of the blood that bathes and cushions the neurons of the brain and spinal cord

-- the inactivation of neurotransmitters (or drugs) by specific enzymes

-- the transfer of information from one cell to another through the release of a chemical messenger

-- membrane pores that determine Cl^- permeability, thereby regulating membrane excitability

-- a drug that stabilizes the autonomic nervous system during stress and is effective in reducing psychotic symptoms, probably by blocking dopamine receptors

-- a class of compounds that mimic the actions of acetylcholine

-- specialized blood vessels in the brain ventricles that produce cerebrospinal fluid

-- a drug (Tagamet) used in the treatment of gastric ulcers to specifically block the H2 receptors for histamine and to reduce the release of gastric acid

-- the daily cyclic fluctuations of the body's physiological systems

-- a specialized group of brain structures that lie outside the blood-brain barrier allowing them to monitor changes in body conditions

-- the typical drug dosage that therapists use to get the desired drug effect

-- a drug that can serve as a local anesthetic and a powerful central nervous system stimulant, probably through interference with the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine

-- a narcotic drug that is one of the components of opium

-- a physiological or behavioral response that opposes the direct effects of a drug or environmental stimulus

-- the competition of drug molecules with the neurotransmitter molecules for access to the receptor site

-- an extracellular enzyme, catecholamine O-methyl transferase, that participates in the breakdown of catecholamines

-- the response to a signal that has been paired with an aversive stimulus

-- the response to a situation in which behavior that normally has a desirable outcome may sometimes be punished

-- a predictable relationship between a specific response and some change in the environment

-- a hormone released by the adrenal cortex, especially in response to stress

-- in Pavlovian conditioning, the conditioned response to a signal that reliably predicts the occurrence of a biologically important event

-- the reduced response to a drug due to exposure to some other drug

-- in Pavlovian conditioning, the signal that reliably predicts the occurrence of a biologically important event

-- a drug that causes muscular paralysis by blocking the action of acetylcholine at the nerve-muscle junction

-- a compound that serves as a second messenger to initiate neuromodulatory changes

-- two receptor types for dopamine

-- Stein and Wise's biological model that proposes reduced dopamine beta hydroxylase as a possible cause of schizophrenia

-- in Pavlovian conditioning, a procedure in which a signal is accompanied, after a brief delay, by a biologically important event

-- a progressive dysfunction of the motor system that occurs in response to long-term alcohol consumption

-- the characteristic slow-wave EEG pattern that accompanies periods of deep sleep

-- an exaggerated sensitivity of neurons to a neurotransmitter following the destruction of presynaptic neurons

-- a compound (similar to glucose) that can be radioactively labeled to assess the metabolic activity of different brain areas

-- to reduce the electrical potential across the membrane of the neuron

-- a measurement of the ability of dexamethasone (a synthetic cortisol) to suppress cortisol production which has been useful in the diagnosis of depression

-- a metabolite (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylene glycol) of catecholamines that may serve as a biochemical marker for certain types of depression

-- the random movement of ions or other particles toward a uniform distribution or concentration (e.g., across the neuronal membrane)

-- an extract from the foxglove plant (Digitalis purpura) which acts as an autonomic nervous system stimulant

-- a drug that interferes with the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, thus causing illness following alcohol ingestion

-- one of the catecholamines, a neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, and a hormone of the adrenal medulla

-- the relationship between different dosages of a drug and the accompanying changes in physiology or behavior

-- a chemical compound (natural or synthetic) that is administered for its specific effects

-- the biochemical effect of a drug on the neuron, especially at the synapse

-- the end result of a drug's action that is reflected by a change in physiology or behavior

-- the long-term, throbbing sensation of pain

-- the concept of the synapse as a system that undergoes constant change through the regulation of transmitter release, number of receptors, and so forth

-- (see Epinephrine)

-- the amount of drug that serves as an effective dose for 50 percent of the population

-- a procedure, frequently used in the treatment of depression, that involves the passage of electric current through the brain to induce seizure activity

-- the appearance of specific behavioral abilities in concert with the maturation of specific brain systems

-- the pattern of brain maturation from lower to progressively higher regions

-- the term applied to a group of endogenous peptides that are involved in pain reduction

-- the term applied to the two small peptides that were the first morphine-like substances discovered in animals

-- the increased production of an enzyme that occurs as a result of exposure to the substrate

-- a drug that acts indirectly by causing the release of norepinephrine from the neuron

-- one of the catecholamines, the principle hormone of the adrenal medulla that is released during certain types of stress; also known as adrenaline

-- a grain fungus that is a stimulant of the sympathetic nervous system

-- the acquisition of a response that terminates an aversive stimulus

-- in Pavlovian conditioning, the repeated presentation of a CS that had previously signaled a biologically important event (the US)

-- one of the systems of the brain responsible for body movement

-- a substance that can be stored in a neuron and released by neural activity; the compound may enhance (+) or interfere with (-) normal neurotransmitter activity

-- a sympathetic nervous system response that prepares an organism to cope with a stressful event

-- a procedure to measure the pain threshold

-- an unsignaled avoidance training procedure in which each response postpones the delivery of the next shock

-- an inhibitory neurotransmitter (gamma amino butyric acid) that is abundant throughout the brain

-- a receptor structure with separate sites for GABA, sedative/convulsants, and benzodiazepines that regulates Cl^- channels

-- the excitation of the autonomic nervous system ganglia via chemical or electrical stimulation

-- the sequence of physiological responses to stress as described by Hans Selye

-- the spreading of a conditioned fear response from the initial, specific CS to other situations

-- an amino acid that is also a neurotransmitter (usually inhibitory) in the spinal cord and brain

-- a type of histamine receptor that mediates responses to injury or allergies throughout the body

-- a type of histamine receptor that mediates the release of gastric acid from the stomach

-- the amount of time required for half of the drug dosage to be inactivated or removed from the body

-- a drug that blocks dopamine (D2) receptors and is commonly used in the treatment of schizophrenia

-- a synthetic opiate drug

-- a metabolite (5-hydroxy indole acetic acid) of serotonin that may serve as a biochemical marker in the diagnosis of suicidal depression

-- a characteristic EEG pattern in the septohippocampal system that appears to be mediated by cholinergic neurons

-- an amine compound that is present throughout the body, participating in responses to injury and immunological challenges

-- naturally occurring compounds, released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands, that stimulate chemically specific receptors on target organs

-- an immune response that involves the production and release of specific antibodies by the B cells

-- a metabolite (homovanillic acid) of dopamine that may serve as a biochemical marker in the diagnosis of certain types of schizophrenia

-- (see Attention deficit disorder)

-- a device for injecting drugs under the skin

-- a set of five different types of antibodies, produced by B cells, which are probably involved in separate types of humoral immune responses

-- the rapid termination of the activity of a neurotransmitter to allow the postsynaptic cell to recover and be ready to initiate the next action potential

-- the action of drugs that have little or no effect on the postsynaptic receptors, but produce their effects by stimulating the release of the normal neurotransmitter

-- the administration of drugs through the membrane surfaces of the lungs

-- the extracellular fluid that bathes cells throughout the body

-- the administration of a drug by injection directly into an artery

-- the administration of a drug by injection or application directly into brain tissue

-- the administration of a drug by injection directly into the cerebrospinal fluid

-- the administration of a drug locally into the brain, usually by the Intra cerebral or Intra cisternal route

-- the administration of a drug by injection directly into a muscle

-- the administration of a drug by injection through the abdominal wall into the space surrounding the viscera

-- the administration of a drug (typically an anesthetic) by injection through the spinal sheath into the local region surrounding the spinal cord

-- the administration of a drug by injection directly into an vein

-- a drug that inhibits the activity of the enzyme monoamine oxidase and is commonly used in the treatment of depression

-- the loss of blood (and oxygen) supply to an organ or portion of an organ

-- the theory that the expression of an emotion occurs before the experience of an emotion

-- a precursor of dopamine and norepinephrine

-- the principle that a drug effect depends on the initial level of the physiological or behavioral system

-- the dosage of a drug that would be lethal to 50 percent of the population

-- the result, generalized to other situations, of learning that one's behavior is ineffective in changing the environment

-- white blood cells that commonly participate in the body's response to injury or immunological challenges

-- a set of brain structures involved in emotional and motivational responses

-- the ability of a relatively large molecule to enter a cell by dissolving in the lipid (fat) membrane of the cell

-- a simple salt that is commonly used in the treatment of manic behavior

-- in this context, enzymes formed by the liver that facilitate the breakdown of drugs

-- the primary location of neurons that send axons through the MFB to release norepinephrine in the anterior cortex

-- in Pavlovian conditioning, a procedure in which the CS is presented for a relatively long period of time before being accompanied by the US

-- a drug (lysergic acid diethylamide) that causes various forms of hallucinations

-- compounds released by sensitized T cells in the cellular immune response

-- specialized white blood cells that engulf potential antigens and "present" them to B cells

-- an intracellular enzyme (monoamine oxidase) that converts catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms

-- a drug that inhibits the activity of MAO, allowing neurotransmitter levels to increase; commonly used in the treatment of depression

-- different forms of MAO that are present throughout the body (MAO-A) and in the brain (MAO-B)

-- large cells in connective tissues, respiratory tract, eyes, and lymph glands that participate in the humoral immune response

-- a drug that mimics acetylcholine at muscarinic receptor sites

-- minimum effective dose for 50 percent of the population

-- a hormone, released by the pineal gland, that participates in circadian rhythms

-- interruptions in the cell membrane that allow small molecules to enter and exit the cell

-- a positively charged form of atropine that does not cross the blood-brain barrier

-- a positively charged form of scopolamine that does not cross the blood-brain barrier

-- a collection of fibers (the medial forebrain bundle) that projects through the hypothalamus to the anterior cortex and participates in the reward system

-- the template (major histocompatibility complex) in T cells that is used to determine self versus non-self

-- a metabolite (3-methoxy-4 hydroxyphenylethylene glycol) of dopamine and norepinephrine that may be a biochemical marker for the diagnosis of depression

-- a compound that facilitates the proliferation of T cells

-- a narcotic drug that is one of the components of opium

-- the smooth membranes lining the nose and mouth; some drugs can be readily administered through these membranes

-- a drug (derived from the mushroom Amanita muscaria) which mimics acetylcholine in the parasympathetic and central nervous systems

-- specific acetylcholine receptors (defined by their response to muscarine) that are present in the parasympathetic organs and in the central nervous system

-- a grave weakening of the muscles caused by a decrease in the acetylcholine receptors of the somatic muscles

-- a drug that blocks opiate receptor sites

-- a drug that causes a numbing of pain and other sensations

-- a perceptual illusion (usually of the visual system) which follows the termination of a strong stimulus

-- the region where alpha motor neurons release acetylcholine onto receptors in the muscles

-- the analysis of the response of neurons to drugs

-- relatively long-term changes in neuronal function (e.g., increase in transmitter or decrease in receptors) that occur in response to drugs, behavioral experience or other influences

-- the notion that the brain is comprised of individual cells rather than a syncytium of protoplasm

-- the similarity among brains in terms of anatomical pathways, neurochemistry, and other features of organization

-- a compound that leads to the impairment or destruction of neurons

-- a compound that is stored in the terminal endings of neurons, released into the synapse by the arrival of an action potential, and bound with a specific receptor

-- a compound (present in tobacco) that mimics acetylcholine at receptors in the autonomic nervous system, the central nervous system, and the somatic muscles

-- specific acetylcholine receptors (defined by their response to nicotine) that are present in the autonomic ganglia, the somatic muscles, and at some central nervous system sites

-- fibers from cells of the substantia nigra that project to dopamine receptors in the striatum and comprise a major pathway of the extrapyramidal motor system

-- the antagonistic effect of drugs that alter the shape or structure of a receptor rather than mimicking a neurotransmitter

-- a generalized feeling of fear or anxiety for which no specific cause can be identified by the individual

-- one of the catecholamines, a neurotransmitter of the sympathetic and central nervous systems, and a hormone of the adrenal medulla

-- a neurotoxin (6-hydroxy dopamine) that destroys the terminal endings of cells that release dopamine or norepinephrine

-- B. F. Skinner's descriptive and empirical system of the analysis of instrumental behavior

-- a short neuron in the spinal cord that relays pain inhibitory messages from descending serotonergic fibers by releasing opioid neurotransmitters that block incoming pain signals

-- a narcotic compound (derived from the opium poppy), that is comprised of morphine and codeine

-- Solomon and Corbit's theory that the termination of a situation that elicits a strong emotion will elicit an opponent emotion

-- the administration of drugs by ingestion through the mouth

-- age, sex, body weight, and so forth can influence the size or direction of a drug effect

-- the division of the autonomic nervous system that is involved with vegetative processes; postganglionic fibers release acetylcholine

-- a progressive dysfunction of dopamine fibers in the extrapyramidal motor system

-- the procedures, originally described by Pavlov, that allow the learning of relationships among environmental stimuli

-- a procedure to measure the pain threshold

-- an amphetamine-like compound that may serve as a biochemical marker in the diagnosis of certain types of schizophrenia

-- a convulsant drug (Metrazol) that stimulates the nervous system by reducing the recovery time between action potentials

-- short chains of amino acids, some of which serve as neurotransmitters

-- a collection of cell bodies in the brain stem that plays an important role in pain reduction

-- physiological adjustments that reduce a drug's action following repeated exposures to the drug

-- a chemical class of drugs that is commonly used in the treatment of psychotic symptoms

-- a hallucinogen (PCP) that interferes with several different transmitter systems

-- a disorder caused by the genetic absence of a single enzyme that disrupts the development of serotonergic neurons (among others)

-- a second messenger system that initiates neuromodulatory changes

-- a drug-induced change in the body's physiology that necessitates the presence of the drug for normal function

-- a stimulant drug that acts on the GABA receptor complex to reduce Cl^- permeability

-- a brain structure that plays an important role in circadian rhythms

-- the master gland of the neuroendocrine system

-- an inactive compound that may have an effect when it is administered as though it were a specific drug

-- the fluid portion of the blood

-- any of several locations (e.g., bladder or fat deposits) where a drug may be present in the body while having no effect

-- the neuron that receives chemical messages from other neurons

-- the interference with chemical transmission by blocking or changing the shape of the receptors for the neurotransmitter

-- a procedure for discriminating behavioral tolerance from pharmacological tolerance

-- a compound that can be readily transformed into an active substance by the body

-- a collection of compounds released by sensitized mast cells in the hay fever reaction

-- the neuron that sends messages to other neurons

-- the interference with chemical transmission by blocking the action potential or the release of the neurotransmitter

-- the symptoms that are always present in a disorder and are useful in establishing a diagnosis

-- the rapid increase in the number of sensitized T cells during the cellular immune response

-- the attachment of a drug molecule to a large protein molecule which effectively inactivates the drug

-- an analysis of the effects of drugs on mood, emotions, and other aspects of human behavior

-- aversive events that are contingent upon the occurrence of a specific response

-- a collection of serotonergic neurons in the brain stem that is involved in sleep

-- the enzyme that mediates the slowest step in a series of chemical reactions

-- the behavioral effects, opposite to those produced by a drug, that occur when the drug is abruptly withdrawn

-- substances produced by the immune system that destroy the body's own receptors

-- the attachment of a drug to a receptor site; this drug/receptor complex can be isolated for study

-- specific protein structures in the cell membrane that match the structure of the neurotransmitter molecule

-- the administration of drugs through the membrane surfaces of the colon

-- a feedback loop in which the activity of a neuron inhibits further activity

-- a portion of the sleep cycle that is characterized by rapid eye movement, behavioral sleep, an "alert" EEG pattern, and dream reports

-- the removal of a drug from the body through the action of the kidneys

-- a small neuron in the spinal cord that receives cholinergic input from motor nerves and releases glycine to produce recurrent inhibition

-- a drug which causes the gradual depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from neurons

-- the membrane potential (-70 millivolts inside) of an inactive neuron

-- a diffuse net of small neurons in the brain stem that participates in the ascending arousal system

-- the inactivation of a neurotransmitter by transporting it back into the neuron that released it

-- the brain structures (including the MFB, limbic system, and anterior cortex) that release catecholamines and mediate rewarded behavior

-- a regimen associated with the self-administration of a drug

-- mental illnesses that are characterized by some of the same symptoms as schizophrenia

-- a severe psychotic disorder characterized by disordered thought processes, flattened affect, and withdrawal; usually associated with dopamine dysfunction

-- a drug that blocks acetylcholine receptors in the parasympathetic and central nervous systems

-- compounds that initiate changes in neuronal function following the arrival of the neurotransmitter ("first" messenger)

-- a previously neutral stimulus that has rewarding properties as a result of its association with rewarding stimuli

-- symptoms that may sometimes be present in a disorder, but are not consistent enough to be used for diagnosis

-- the voluntary administration of drugs that have rewarding properties

-- cell membranes having pores that allow small particles to pass through but restrict the passage of larger particles

-- the stage of late adulthood

-- an exaggerated response to a drug because of prior exposure to that drug

-- the local neuronal circuits between the septum and the hippocampus which release acetylcholine in the regulation of the hippocampal theta rhythm

-- a compound (5-hydroxytryptamine) that is common throughout the body, and also serves as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system

-- any unintended effect of a drug

-- a procedure to produce the experience of submission which can lead to neurochemical changes associated with the stress response

-- membrane pores along the axon which open to increase Na⁺ permeability during the propagation of the action potential

-- an active transport system that regulates the resting potential by maintaining the high extracellular concentration of Na⁺

-- the recovery from a disorder (e.g., depression) in the absence of treatment

-- the first stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome, which initiates responses to the stressor

-- the final stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome in which the organism's ability to counteract the stressor is depleted

-- the second stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome in which the organism's physiological systems are actively combating the stressor

-- the regions within a neuron where neurotransmitter molecules are stored before becoming available for release

-- the correlation between chemical structure and drug effects

-- a stimulant drug that acts primarily by blocking the inhibitory effects of glycine receptors

-- the administration of drugs by injection under the skin

-- the use of a drug or some other substance to an extent which interferes with work or family environments

-- a peptide neurotransmitter that is released in the spinal cord by incoming pain fibers

-- a group of dopamine neurons that project to D2 receptors in the extrapyramidal motor system

-- a method of analyzing structure/function relationships by determining which function is no longer present following the removal of a specific brain structure

-- death resulting from massive parasympathetic discharge that can be triggered by an acute stressor for which there is no obvious coping response

-- a structure of the hypothalamus that participates in circadian rhythms

-- a generalized stress syndrome associated with surgical procedures

-- the division of the autonomic nervous system that is involved with arousal processes; postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine

-- drugs that mimic or otherwise increase the activity of neurotransmitters associated with the sympathetic nervous system

-- the gap between successive neurons where chemical transmission takes place

-- small packets in the terminal endings of neurons where neurotransmitter molecules are stored for release

-- Golgi's notion that the nervous system was comprised of an interconnected net of protoplasm

-- a specialized white blood cell that is formed in the thymus gland and participates in the cellular immune response

-- rapid tolerance to the indirect actions of drugs

-- a test to determine the pain threshold

-- an impairment of extrapyramidal motor system functions that eventually appears as a side effect of phenothiazines

-- organs that have specific receptor sites for circulating hormones

-- the final portion of the neuron that contains the mechanisms for the release of the neurotransmitter

-- a substance that blocks the release of acetylcholine from alpha motor neurons

-- a synthetic tranquilizer that produces effects similar to those of reserpine

-- a naturally occurring xanthine derivative that acts as a central nervous system stimulant

-- a naturally occurring xanthine derivative that acts as a central nervous system stimulant

-- the ratio of LD-50 to MED-50 that represents the clinical safety factor of a drug

-- a regular EEG pattern that accompanies the early stages of falling asleep

-- the observation that behavior is more closely related to perceived alcohol consumption than to actual consumption

-- a reduced response to a drug following repeated exposures to the drug

-- in Pavlovian conditioning, a procedure in which the CS is terminated for a brief period before the US is presented

-- the administration of a drug by application to the skin surface

-- the administration of a drug by injection into the space surrounding the lungs

-- a procedure that involves the simultaneous testing of three groups: an untreated group, an experimental group, and a yoked control group

-- a chemical class of compounds that block the reuptake of catecholamines and are used in the treatment of depression

-- the theory that avoidance behavior is based on a combination of Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning

-- an avoidance training procedure in which the signaled shock is presented alternately in either end of a shuttle box

-- a dietary amino acid; causes the "wine and cheese" effect during treatment with MAO inhibitors

-- the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines

-- stomach lesions caused by excessive parasympathetic activity due to stress

-- in Pavlovian conditioning, the reflexive response that is elicited by a biologically important event (the US)

-- in Pavlovian conditioning, a biologically important event (e.g., food powder or electric shock) that elicits a reflex (the UR)

-- Loewi's term for the chemical (acetylcholine) released by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve

-- the carrier (usually a solution) mixed with the drug in order to facilitate its administration

-- a collection of neurons in the region of the pons that project axons through the MFB and release dopamine in the limbic system and anterior cortex

-- symptoms (usually aversive) that accompany the abrupt cessation of drug use

-- a group of stimulant compounds (including caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline) that occur naturally in coffee, tea, chocolate and cola and act by increasing Ca⁺⁺ permeability

-- the inverted U-shaped relationship between arousal and performance

-- a procedure in which the environmental consequences for one subject are linked to the behavior of another subject